Bone graft in veterinary orthopedics: Review

Abstract

The increasing advance of veterinary medicine and the development of its subareas require the development of methods for the advancement of surgical techniques and the performance of specialized procedures that reduce postoperative complications, especially in veterinary orthopedics. In view of this, the increase of the techniques need prior knowledge about the composition of the bone tissue and its main functions. It is known that bone tissue is composed of four cell types, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts and osteoprogenitor cells, which are responsible for the formation, repair and remodeling of the tissue. Currently, the use of bone grafts has been widely used, since they use the bone tissue as the basis of the technique, exerting functions that stimulate the genesis of a new tissue (bone tissue). These are of great value for the treatment of comminuted fractures, arthrodesis, exérese of bone tumors, osteomyelitis, bad union and not bone union, and corrective osteotomies, minimizing the chances of amputation of the affected limb. A range of classifications are found to describe the types of bone grafts, and according to their origin these may be autogenous, allogeneic, xenogens and allopathic, and as for structural classification, they may be called spongy, cortical, corticospinal, depending on the site donor. Each graft has distinct characteristics and functions that must be evaluated before the grafting process, so that it is better suited to the type of patient. Thus, the purpose of the paper is to describe the bone grafts and their applications in veterinary medicine.