Copper metabolism in animal nutrition: Review

Abstract

Copper is an essential trace element for all living organisms. Their biological, functional and structural importance is related to the metabolic functions of cupro-dependent enzymes such as, cytochrome C oxidase, lysyl oxidase, superoxide dismutase, among others, which catalyze important physiological reactions related to breathing biosynthesis melanin metabolism of dopamine, iron homeostasis and antioxidant defense. To be involved in the oxidation mechanism, deficiency of copper produces disorders in oxidative metabolism, causing anemia, reducing resistance to infection, reproductive disorders and nervous disorders. On the other hand, excess copper may cause hepatic necrosis and hemolytic crisis. For these reasons, we must consider the requirements of the mineral for each animal depending on the physiological stage and productive level, since this mineral deficiencies or excesses can cause diseases that represent production loss and the reduced welfare. The scope of this review was to address to the most important aspects of copper metabolism, as well as main diseases associated with excess or deficiency of this mineral in the diet of livestock.