Cardiorenal syndrome: pathophysiology and diagnosis in dogs and cats
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v19n02e1725Keywords:
Cardiovascular-renal axis disorders, chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failureAbstract
Cardiorenal syndrome, also known in veterinary medicine as cardiovascular-renal axis disorder, is a pathophysiological condition that involves the combination of cardiac and renal dysfunction, which accelerates the progression of individual organ failure and leads to a significant increase in morbidity and mortality in patients with this disease. Both organs regulate vital functions such as blood pressure, diuresis, natriuresis, peripheral vascular resistance, circulating volume homeostasis, peripheral perfusion, and tissue oxygenation. The classification of cardiorenal syndrome in humans and animals is conceptually similar, encompassing primary involvement, the sequence of events, and the chronicity of the process. In humans, it is classified into five types. In veterinary medicine, cardiovascular-renal axis disorders are divided into three groups based on their system of origin: heart, kidney or systemic. Additionally, there are two subdivisions reflecting the respective clinical course: unstable or stable. Diagnosis can be made through renal and cardiac biomarkers and imaging tests. However, there is a need to identify tests capable of detecting early alterations caused by the syndrome. This study aims to conduct a literature review on cardiorenal syndrome, addressing what has been described in scientific studies to elucidate the pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic methods, and classification methodologies of this condition.
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