Hypoadrenocorticism in dogs

Review

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v18n10e1661

Keywords:

Adrenal, aldosterone, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids

Abstract

Hypoadrenocorticism is an endocrinopathy defined as a deficiency in the production of glucocorticoids and/or mineralocorticoids. It is uncommon in dogs or apparently underdiagnosed, with primary, secondary and iatrogenic causes. The clinical signs are unspecific and highly variable, and the patient may present only sporadic hyporexia, vomiting and diarrhea or even hypovolemic shock and death. Diagnosis is based on anamnesis, clinical signs, laboratory and imaging tests, with the ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone) stimulation test being the hormonal test of choice for diagnosing the disease. Treatment is based on exogenous hormone replacement, based on the patient's needs. Thus, the aim of this review is to alert clinicians to the importance of this disease, when to suspect it and how to make an accurate diagnosis, as well as to differentiate it from other diseases that have similar symptoms.

References

Bennaim, M., Shiel, R. E., & Mooney, C. T. (2019). Diagnosis of spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Part 1: Pathophysiology, aetiology, clinical and clinicopathological features. The Veterinary Journal, 252, 105342.

Bilhalva, M. A., Evaristo, T. A., Isnardi, C. P., Rocha, M. M., Alves, C. C., Soares, M. A., Waller, S. B., Borba, A., Santos, T. C., & Costa, P. P. C. (2020). O hipotireoidismo canino e seus efeitos sobre o sistema cardiovascular. PUBVET, 14(4), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v14n4a542.1-6.

Borin, S., Crivelenti, L. Z., & Ferreira, F. A. (2009). Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e hematológicos de 251 cães portadores de mórula de Ehrlichia spp. naturalmente infectados. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, 61(3), 566–571.

Feldman, E. C., Nelson, R. W., Reusch, C., & Scott-Moncrieff, J. C. (2014). Canine and feline endocrinology-e-book. Elsevier health sciences.

Fenner, B. B., Duarte, K. O., Almeida, L. G., Andrade, É., & Guidolin, L. L. (2020). Hipoadrenocorticismo canino. PUBVET, 14(2), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v14n2a507.1-4.

Fukumori, R. H. O., Rocha, P. M., & Pires, G. M. (2024). Hipoadrenocorticismo em cão. PUBVET, 18(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v18n03e1558.

Gunn, E., Shiel, R. E., & Mooney, C. T. (2016). Hydrocortisone in the management of acute hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: A retrospective series of 30 cases. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 57(5), 227–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12473.

Guzmán Ramos, P. J., Bennaim, M., Shiel, R. E., & Mooney, C. T. (2022). Diagnosis of canine spontaneous hypoadrenocorticism. Canine Medicine and Genetics, 9(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40575-022-00119-4.

Hanson, J. M., Tengvall, K., Bonnett, B. N., & Hedhammar, Å. (2016). Naturally occurring adrenocortical insufficiency–an epidemiological study based on a swedish‐insured dog population of 525,028 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 30(1), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.13815.

Januário, E. (2020). Endocrinologia de cães e gatos. Payá.

Jericó, M. M., Andrade Neto, J. P., & Kogika, M. M. (2015). Tratado de medicina interna de cães e gatos. Roca Ltda.

Klein, B. G. (2014). Cunningham Tratado de Fisiologia Veterinária. Elsevier.

Klein, S. C., & Peterson, M. E. (2010). Canine hypoadrenocorticism: part I. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 51(1), 63–69.

Kronenberg, H. M. (2009). Williams tratado de endocrinologia (Issue 616.4). Elsevier.

Marco, V. (2015). Doenças do sistema endócrino e do metabolismo. In M. Jericó, J. P. Neto, & M. Kogika (Eds.), Tratado de medicina interna de cães e gatos. Guanabara - Koogan.

Matos, K. O. C., & Lima, D. J. S. (2021). Síndrome de Addison em cadela da raça maltês-relato de caso. Brazilian Journal of Development, 7(12), 119136–119143.

Monney, S. C. T. (2019). Redefinindo o paradigma do hipoadrenocorticismo atípico em cães. Companion Animal, 24(3), 132140. https://doi.org/10.56238/uniknowindevolp-104.

Mooney, C. T. (2011). Canine hypothyroidism: a review of aetiology and diagnosis. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 59(3), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2011.563729.

Nelson, R., & Couto, C. G. (2015). Medicina interna de pequenos animais (3.ed.). Elsevier Brasil.

Paradello, C. P. (2023). Hipoadrenocorticismo primário em cadela: Relato de caso. PUBVET, 17(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v17n03a1359.

Paula, I. S., Dutra, A. C. R., Barbosa, V. D., Pedro, D. R. C., Fernandes, T. R. P., & Cisi, V. L. F. (2022). Hipoadrenocorticismo canino: Relato de caso. PUBVET, 16(10), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v16n10a1235.1-6.

Reece, W. O. (2008). Anatomia funcional e fisiologia dos animais domésticos. Editora Roca.

Reusch, C. E., & Feldman, E. C. (1991). Canine hyperadrenocorticism due to adrenocortical neoplasia: pretreatment evaluation of 41 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 5(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1991.tb00922.x.

Romão, F. G., & Antunes, M. I. P. P. (2012). Hipoadrenocorticismo em cães: Revisão. Veterinária e Zootecnia, 19(1), 44–54. https://doi.org/emnuvens.com.br/rvz/article/view/1442/954.

Rosa, A. C., Melchert, A., & Vargas, A. M. (2024). Caracterização clínica e laboratorial de 131 casos (2016–2022) de hipercortisolismo ACTH-dependente canino. PUBVET, 18(1), e1538. https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v18n01e1538.

Schofield, I., Brodbelt, D. C., Niessen, S. J. M., Church, D. B., Geddes, R. F., Kennedy, N., & O’Neill, D. G. (2020). Development and internal validation of a prediction tool to aid the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome in dogs attending primary‐care practice. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 34(6), 2306–2318.

Scott-Moncrieff, J. C. (2007). Clinical signs and concurrent diseases of hypothyroidism in dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 37(4), 709–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.03.003.

Scott-Moncrieff, J. C. (2015). Hypoadrenocorticism. In E. C. Feldman, R. W. Nelson, C. Reusch, & I. C. Scott-Moncrieff (Eds.), Canine and Feline Endocrinology (pp. 485–513). Elsevier.

Spence, S., Gunn, E., & Ramsey, I. (2018). Diagnosis and treatment of canine hypoadrenocorticism. In Practice, 40(7), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1136/inp.k3311.

Teles, C. H. A., D’Alencar, M. P., & Santos, L. de F. L. (2016). Hipoadrenocorticismo em cães. Revista de Ciência Veterinária e Saúde Pública, 3(2), 125–131.

Tozetto, C., & Castro, L. de O. (2023). Distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos no hipoadrenocorticismo primário agudo em cães: uma revisão. Revista de Educação Continuada em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Do CRMV-SP, 21. https://doi.org/10.36440/recmvz.v21.38425

Van Lanen, K., & Sande, A. (2014). Canine hypoadrenocorticism: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 29(4), 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tcam.2014.10.001.

Ventura, D. L., & Machado, F. L. A. (2023). Hipercortisolismo ACTH-dependente em cadela Shih-tzu: Relato de caso. PUBVET, 17(9), e1454. https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v17n9e1454.

Viana, D. B., Marchi, P. N., & Gava, F. N. (2023). Hipoadrenocorticismo primário atípico em um cão: Relato de caso. PUBVET, 17(10), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v17n10e1466.

Wakayama, J. A., Furrow, E., Merkel, L. K., & Armstrong, P. J. (2017). A retrospective study of dogs with atypical hypoadrenocorticism: a diagnostic cut‐off or continuum? Journal of Small Animal Practice, 58(7), 365–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12649.

adoropets.com.br (2024)

Published

2024-09-11

Issue

Section

Medicina veterinária

How to Cite