Clinical care and treatment of a dog intoxicated by frog (Rhinella marina) poison

Case report

Authors

  • Mauricio Carneiro Aquino Médico Veterinário Autônomo, Mestre em Ciências da Saúde e Clinico de Pequenos Animais https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1785-9688
  • Moyses Serpa Médico Veterinário Autônomo, Mestre em Medicina Veterinária

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v18n06e1609

Keywords:

Bufotoxismo, cane toad, cururu frog

Abstract

In the context of a small animal veterinary clinic in Maceió, Alagoas (Brazil), it is observed that most cases of intoxication result from contact with pesticides or improper ingestion of medications. In a remarkable episode in 2017, we treated a 13-year-old female Cane Corso dog presenting severe symptoms of intoxication. Electrocardiographic analysis was crucial in identifying the cause of the symptoms, which was suspected to be poisoning by Rhinella marina, also known as Bufo marinus, or locally as the Cururu frog. Confirmation of the diagnosis came days later, with the discovery of a Rhinella marina carcass near the animal's living area. Bufotoxin, the main component of the venom, had a significant impact on the dog's cardiac receptors, altering the electrocardiogram and inducing a sinus rhythm with ventricular fascicular tachycardia for an extended period. Such toxins, including bufadienolides and bufotoxins, act similarly to digitalis, blocking the sodium and potassium pump of cardiac cells. Rhinella marina, an amphibian native to Central and South America, belongs to a genus with hundreds of species and is widely distributed throughout Brazil. Although there is no national statistical data on its occurrence, zootoxins, including toad venom, are responsible for 2.4% of animal intoxications in Italy. Treatment consisted of fluid therapy and intravenous administration of lidocaine to normalize the heart rhythm. After three days of hospitalization with intensive treatment, the dog was discharged with a normalized electrocardiogram.

References

Anderson, D. E., & Rings, D. M. (2009). Current Veterinary Therapy. In Current Veterinary Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4160-3591-6.X0135-2.

Baltazar, F. N., Augusto, C. de F. B., Carminato, C., Faria, P. C. de O., & Berl, C. A. (2019). Descrição clínica e achados laboratoriais de cão intoxicado por veneno de sapo (Rhinella icterica) (Anura: Bufonidae): relato de caso. Revista de Educação Continuada em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia do CRMV-SP, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.36440/recmvz.v17i2.37919.

Barbosa, C. M., Medeiros, M. S., Riani Costa, C. C. M., Camplesi, A. C., & Sakate, M. (2009). Toad poisoning in three dogs. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases, 15(4), 789–798.

Bonagura, J., & Twedt, D. (2013). Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIV. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (Vol. 53, Issue 9).

Bruneton, J. (2004). Elementos de fitoquímica y farmacognosia. Acribia, 16(3).

Camplesi, A. C. (2006). Intoxicação experimental por veneno de sapo: Estudos clínico, laboratorial, eletrocardiográfico e da resposta ao tratamento com propranolol em cães. Universidade Estadual Paulista.

Carvalho, A. C. B., Balbino, E. E., Maciel, A., & Perfeito, J. P. S. (2008). Situação do registro de medicamentos fitoterápicos no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 18(2), 314–319. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-695x2008000200028.

Correa, E. C. M., Santos, J. M., & Ribeiro, P. L. B. (2012). Uso de fitoterápicos no tratamento da obesidade uma revisão de literatura. In Monografia. Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás.

Cortez-Gallardo, V., P Macedo-Ceja, J., Hernández-Arroyo, M., Arteaga-Aureoles, G., Espinosa-Galván, D., & F Rodríguez-Landa, J. (2004). Farmacognosia: breve história de sus orígenes y su relación con las ciencias médicas. Revista Biomédica, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.32776/revbiomed.v15i2.381.

Eubig, P. A. (2001). Bufo species toxicosis: Big toad, big problem. In Veterinary Medicine (Vol. 96, Issue 8).

Ferreira, T. S., Moreira, C. Z., Cária, N. Z., Victoriano, G., Silva Júnior, W. F., & Magalhães, J. C. (2014). Phytotherapy: an introduction to its history, use and application. Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais, 16(2), 290–298. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1516-05722014000200019.

Folha De São Paulo. (1986). Morre Ruschi, pesquisador dos pássaros. Acervo on line. 04/06/1986. Disponível em: <http://almanaque.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano_041jun1986.htm> Acesso em: <14/07/2017>.

Gadelha, I. C. N. & Soto-Blanco, B. (2012). Intoxicação de cães por sapos do gênero Rhinella (Bufo): Revisão de literatura. Clínica Veterinária, XVII(100).

Gadelha, I., Melo, M., & Soto-Blanco, B. (2015). Intoxicação espontânea por sapos da espécie Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002) em cães. Revista Brasileira de Higiene e Sanidade Animal, 9(2).

Gallardo-Casas, C. Á., González Garcia, I. M., Sánchez Maldonado, H. A., Jiménez Sánchez, N. G., & Olea Vázquez, J. D. (2023). El veneno de sapo de la caña Rhinella marina, Anura: Bufonidae P provoca daño en el intestino delgado en ratones CD1. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 7(5). https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v7i5.8668.

Gfeller, R. W., & Messonnier, S. (1998). Handbook of small animal toxicology & poisonings. Mosby.

Hernández-Rebollo, E., Duque-Carrasco, F. J., Zaragoza-Bayle, C., & Pérez-López, M. (2015). Toad poisoning in dogs from SW Spain: Too many cases in a few days. Revista Portuguesa de Ciências Veterinárias, 110.

Keenan, D. M. (1969). Current veterinary therapy. Australian Veterinary Journal, 45(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1969.tb01921.x.

Keomany, S., Mayxay, M., Souvannasing, P., Vilayhong, C., Stuart, B. L., Srour, L., & Newton, P. N. (2007). Toad poisoning in Laos. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 77(5). https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2007.77.850.

Leong, O. S., Padula, A. M., Webster, R. A., & Maldonado, R. (2023). A retrospective study of cane toad (Rhinella marina) toxicity in 190 domestic cats in Southeastern Queensland: Clinical presentations, treatments, and outcomes. Australian Veterinary Journal, 101(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.13237.

McFarland, P. J. (1999). Toad Toxicity. In Australian Veterinary Practitioner (Vol. 29, Issue 3). https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198606053142320.

Monti, R. & Cardelo, L. Bioquímica do veneno de anfíbios. In: BARRAVIERA, B. Venenos animais: uma visão integrada. Rio de Janeiro: EPUC, 1994. p.225-232.

Navarro Escayola, E., Vega Vega, C., & Hernando Torrecilla, C. (2022). Bufotenina como droga facilitadora de agresión sexual. Medicina Clínica, 159(10). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2022.06.012.

Oliveira, P. C. L. (1988). Uso de lidocaína, propranolol, verapamil e amiodarona na intoxicação por veneno de sapo (gênero Bufo) em cães. Universidade Estadual Paulista.

Ozaki, A. T., & Duarte, P. C. (2006). Fitoterápicos utilizados na medicina veterinária, em cães e gatos. Revista Pharmacia Brasileira Infarma, 18(11–12), 17–25.

Palumbo, N.E. & Perry, S. F. (1983). Toad poisoning. In: Kirk, R.W. Current veterinary therapy: small animal practice. 8. ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, p.160-162.

Peterson, M. E. & Roberts, B. K. (2001). Amphibian Toxins. In: Peterson, M. E.; Talcott, P. A. Small Animal Toxicology. W. B. Saunders Company.

Poppenga, R. H., & Gwaltney-Brant, S. (2013). Small animal toxicology essentials. In Small Animal Toxicology Essentials. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118785591.

Reeves, M. P. (2004). A retrospective report of 90 dogs with suspected cane toad (Bufo marinus) toxicity. Australian Veterinary Journal, 82(10). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.2004.tb12598.x.

Sakate, M., & Oliveira, P. C. (2000). Toad envenoming in dogs: Effects and treatment. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-79302000000100003.

Sakate, M., & Oliveira, P. C. (2001). Use of lidocaine, propranolol, amiodarone, and verapamil in toad envenoming (genus bufo) in dogs. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-79302001000200008.

Tempone, A. G. (2007). Cutaneous secretion from the giant African snail, Achatina fulica, as a source of Antileishmanial compounds. Revista do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, 66(1).

Volmer, P. A., & Meerdink, G. L. (2002). Diagnostic toxicology for the small animal practitioner. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 32(2), 357–365.

Wilmer, G. (1968). Propanolol. Journal of the Medical Association of Georgia, 57(10).

Xie, H., & Preast, V. (2012). Medicina veterinária tradicional chinesa: Princípios fundamentais. Medvep.

Zelnik, R. (1965). A natureza química do veneno de sapo. Ciência e Cultura, 17, 10–14.

Published

2024-06-07

Issue

Section

Medicina veterinária

How to Cite

Clinical care and treatment of a dog intoxicated by frog (Rhinella marina) poison: Case report. (2024). Pubvet, 18(06), e1609. https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v18n06e1609