Laboratorial and clinical characterization in 131 cases (2016 – 2022) of canine ACTH-dependent-hypercortisolism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v18n01e1538Keywords:
Adrenal glands, dogs, glucocorticoids, hypophysisAbstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical and laboratorial aspects of dogs with adrenocorticotropic hormone- (ACTH) dependent hypercortisolism in a series of cases (131). Females predominate (63%); the mean age was 10 years; the most frequent breeds were Shih-tzu (15.27%), Poodle (14.50%) and Yorkshire (14.50%); the most common laboratorial findings were elevation in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (49.56%) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (75.65%) activity, hypercholesterolemia (51.72%) and hypertriglyceridemia (74.34%); the most frequent clinical manifestations were polyuria (47.86%), polydipsia (54.70%) and polyphagia (47.00%), and the most frequent comorbidities were hepatopathies (70.16%), gallbladder diseases (66.13%) and dermatopathies (11.29%). It was concluded that the patients characterization was similar to previous studies, but with a lower frequency of clinical manifestations, suggesting diagnosis was made in the earlier stages.
References
Behrend, E. N. (2015). Canine hyperadrenocorticism. In E. C. Feldman, R. W. Nelso, C. E. Reusch, J. Scott-Moncrieff, & E. N. Beherend (Eds.), Canine and feline endocrinology (Vol. 4, pp. 377–451). Elsevier St. Louis, MO. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-1-4557-4456-5.00010-9.
Behrend, E. N., Kooistra, H. S., Nelson, R., Reusch, C. E., & Scott‐Moncrieff, J. C. (2013). Diagnosis of spontaneous canine hyperadrenocorticism: 2012 ACVIM consensus statement (small animal). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 27(6), 1292–1304. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12192.
Bennaim, M., Centola, S., Ramsey, I., & Seth, M. (2019). Clinical and clinicopathological features in dogs with uncomplicated spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism diagnosed in primary care practice (2013–2014). Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 55(4), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6789.
Bennaim, M., Shiel, R. E., Forde, C., & Mooney, C. T. (2018). Evaluation of individual low‐dose dexamethasone suppression test patterns in naturally occurring hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 32(3), 967–977. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15079.
Bennaim, M., Shiel, R. E., & Mooney, C. T. (2019). Diagnosis of spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Part 1: Pathophysiology, aetiology, clinical and clinicopathological features. The Veterinary Journal, 252, 105342.
Berry, C. R., Hawkins, E. C., Hurley, K. J., & Monce, K. (2000). Frequency of pulmonary mineralization and hypoxemia in 21 dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 14(2), 151–156. https://doi.org/10.1892/0891-6640(2000)014<0151:fopmah>2.3.co;2.
Bugbee, A., Rucinsky, R., Cazabon, S., Kvitko-White, H., Lathan, P., Nichelason, A., & Rudolph, L. (2023). 2023 AAHA selected endocrinopathies of dogs and cats guidelines. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 59(3), 113–135. https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7368.
Carotenuto, G., Malerba, E., Dolfini, C., Brugnoli, F., Giannuzzi, P., Semprini, G., Tosolini, P., & Fracassi, F. (2019). Cushing’s syndrome—an epidemiological study based on a canine population of 21,281 dogs. Open Veterinary Journal, 9(1), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v9i1.5.
Cho, K., Paek, J., Kang, J., Chang, D., Na, K., & Yang, M. (2014). Serum adipokine concentrations in dogs with naturally occurring pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 28(2), 429–436. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12270.
Cook, A. K., Jambhekar, A. V, & Dylewski, A. M. (2016). Gallbladder sludge in dogs: ultrasonographic and clinical findings in 200 patients. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 52(3), 125–131. https://doi.org/10.5326/JAAHA-MS-6282.
Corsini, A., Dondi, F., Serio, D. G., Zamagni, S., Golinelli, S., Fernandez, M., & Fracassi, F. (2021). Calcium and phosphate homeostasis in dogs with newly diagnosed naturally occurring hypercortisolism. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 35, 1265–1273. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.16143.
Dadej, D., Szczepanek-Parulska, E., Wrotkowska, E., & Ruchała, M. (2022). Cushing’s syndrome is associated with altered adipokine profile. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13, 1032329. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1032329.
De Marco, V. (2015). Hiperadrenocorticismo canino. In M. Jericó, J. Andrade Neto, & M. Kogika (Eds.), Tratado de medicina interna de cães e gatos (pp. 1691–1703).
Delaforcade, A., Bacek, L., Blais, M., Goggs, R., Lynch, A., & Rozanski, E. (2019). Consensus on the rational use of antithrombotics in veterinary critical care (CURATIVE): domain 1—defining populations at risk. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care, 29(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/vec.12797.
Elias, L. L. K., Rosa, F. F., Antunes-Rodriguez, J., & Castro, M. (2018). Glândula suprarrenal. In M. M. Aires (Ed.), Fisiologia (pp. 1624–1650). Koogan Guanabara.
Ferguson, D. C., & Peterson, M. E. (1992). Serum free and total iodothyronine concentrations in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 53(9), 1636–1640.
Hanson, J. M., Kooistra, H. S., Mol, J. A., Teske, E., & Meij, B. P. (2006). Plasma profiles of adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and growth hormone in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism before and after hypophysectomy. Journal of Endocrinology, 190(3), 601–609. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06782.
Hess, R. S. (2010). Insulin resistance in dogs. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 40(2), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2009.12.001.
Hess, R. S., Saunders, H. M., Van Winkle, T. J., & Ward, C. R. (2010). Concurrent disorders in dogs with diabetes mellitus: 221 cases (1993–1998). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 217(8), 1166–1173. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.2000.217.1166.
Hoffman, J. M., Lourenço, B. N., Promislow, D. E. L., & Creevy, K. E. (2018). Canine hyperadrenocorticism associations with signalment, selected comorbidities and mortality within North American veterinary teaching hospitals. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 59(11), 681–690. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12904.
Jacoby, R. C., Owings, J. T., Ortega, T., Gosselin, R., & Feldman, E. C. (2001). Biochemical basis for the hypercoagulable state seen in Cushing syndrome. Archives of Surgery, 136(9), 1003–1007. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.136.9.1003.
José, P.G.S., Bermejo, C.A., Moral, I.C., Alvaro, P.C. & Alenza, M.D.P. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors associated with systemic hypertension in dogs with spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism. The Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 34, 1768-1778.Doihttps://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15841
Kaneko, J. J., Harvey, J. W., & Bruss, M. L. (2008). Clinical biochemistry of domestic animals (6th ed., Ed.; Vol. 1). Academic press.
Kemppainen, R. J., & Behrend, E. N. (2001). Diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 31(5), 951–962. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(01)50007-8.
Kiš, I., Brkljačić, M., Torti, M., Mayer, I., Šmit, I., Gotić, J., Vnuk, D., Gusak, V., Turković, V., & Matijatko, V. (2016). Clinical findings, laboratory data and outcome in dogs with spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism in Croatia. The Journal Veterinaaki Archives, 86, 77–94.
Klinkspoor, J. H., Kuver, R., Savard, C. E., Oda, D., Azzouz, H., Tytgat, G. N. J., Groen, A. K., & Lee, S. P. (1995). Model bile and bile salts accelerate mucin secretion by cultured dog gallbladder epithelial cells. Gastroenterology, 109(1), 264–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(95)90293-7.
Kook, P. H., Schellenberg, S., Rentsch, K. M., Reusch, C. E., & Glaus, T. M. (2011). Effect of twice-daily oral administration of hydrocortisone on the bile acids composition of gallbladder bile in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 72(12), 1607–1612. https://doi.org/10.2460/ajvr.72.12.1607.
Machado, L., Oliveira, M. C., Barbieri, C. R., Riboldi, C. I., Leotti, V. B., González, F. H. D., Valle, S. F., Siqueira, F. M., & Pöppl, Á. G. (2021). Clinical and microbiological characterization of subclinical bacteriuria and sporadic bacterial cystitis in dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 75, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2021.101624.
Martins, F. S. M., Carvalho, G. L. C., Jesus, L., Pöppl, Á. G., & González, F. H. D. (2019). Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects in a case series of canine hyperadrenocorticism: 115 cases (2010-2014). Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 39, 900–908. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-PVB-6105.
Mattin, M. J., Boswood, A., Church, D. B., López-Alvarez, J., Mcgreevy, P. D., O’Neill, D. G., Thomson, P. C., & Brodbelt, D. C. (2015). Prevalence of and risk factors for degenerative mitral valve disease in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices inengland. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 122, 436–442. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12591.
Mawby, D. I., Whittemore, J. C., & Fecteau, K. A. (2014). Canine pancreatic-specific lipase concentrations in clinically healthy dogs and dogs with naturally occurring hyperadrenocorticism. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 28, 1244–1250. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12376.
Mesich, M. L. L., Mayhew, P. D., Paek, M., Holt, D. E., & Brown, D. C. (2009). Gall bladder mucoceles and their association with endocrinopathies in dogs: A retrospective case‐control study. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 50(12), 630–635.
Mihailidou, A. S., Le, T. Y. L., Mardini, M., & Funder, J. W. (2009). (2009). Glucocorticoids activate cardiac mineralocorticoid receptors during experimental myocardial infarction. Hypertension, 54, 1306–1312. https://doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionnaha.109.136242.
Mora, S. E. V. (2020). Geração de trombina em cães com hiperadrenocorticismo endógeno. Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp).
Nichols, R. (1997). Complications and concurrent disease associated with canine hyperadrenocorticism. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, 27(2), 309–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(97)50034-9.
Nozawa, S., Oda, H., Akiyama, R., Ueda, K., Saeki, K., Shono, S., Maruyama, N., Murata, A., Tazaki, H., & Mori, A. (2014). Decreased gene expressions of insulin signal molecules in canine hyperadrenocorticism. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 76(8), 1177–1182. https://doi.org/10.1292/jvms.14-0033.
O’Neill, D. G., Scudder, C., Faire, J. M., Church, D. B., McGreevy, P. D., Thomson, P. C., & Brodbelt, D. C. (2016). Epidemiology of hyperadrenocorticism among 210,824 dogs attending primary‐care veterinary practices in the UK from 2009 to 2014. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 57(7), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsap.12523.
Pace, S. L., Creevy, K. E., Krimer, P. M., & Brainard, B. M. (2013). Assessment of coagulation and potential biochemical markers for hypercoagulability in canine hyperadrenocorticism. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 27(5), 1113–1120. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.12159.
Peixoto, R. B. F. L., Cavalcante, T. S. B., Ferreira, L. L. D., Camara, L. B. R. M., Anderlini, G. P. O. e S., & Carvalho, K. S. (2018). Adenoma adrenocortical como causa de doença de cushing em cão: Relato de caso. PUBVET, 12(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.22256/pubvet.v12n1a6.1-6.
Peterson, M. E. (1984). Hyperadrenocorticism. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 14(4), 731–749.
Peterson, M. E., Altszuler, N., & Nichols, C. E. (1984). Decreased insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in spontaneous canine hyperadrenocorticism. Research in Veterinary Science, 36(2), 177–182.
Peterson, M. E., Winkler, B., Kintzer, P. P., & Altszuler, N. (1986). Effect of spontaneous hyperadrenocorticism on endogenous production and utilization of glucose in the dog. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 3(2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/0739-7240(86)90018-4.
Pöppl, Á. G., Coelho, I. C., Silveira, C. A., Moresco, M. B., & Carvalho, G. L. C. (2016). Frequency of endocrinopathies and characteristics of affected dogs and cats in southern Brazil (2004-2014). Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 44, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.81099.
Reusch, C. E., & Feldman, E. C. (1991). Canine hyperadrenocorticism due to adrenocortical neoplasia: pretreatment evaluation of 41 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 5(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1991.tb00922.x.
Rodriguez Pineiro, M. I., Benchekroun, G., Fornel‐Thibaud, P., Maurey‐Guenec, C., Garnier, F., & Rosenberg, D. (2009). Accuracy of an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) immunoluminometric assay for differentiating ACTH‐dependent from ACTH‐independent hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 23(4), 850–855. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0328.x.
Schalm, O. W., Jain, N. C., & Carroll, E. (1975). Materials and methods for the study of the blood. Veterinary Hematology, 15–81.
Sepesy, L. M., Center, S. A., Randolph, J. F., Warner, K. L., & Erb, H. N. (2006). Vacuolar hepatopathy in dogs: 336 cases (1993–2005). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 229(2), 246–252. https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.229.2.246.
Slavin, B. G., Ong, J. M., & Kern, P. A. (1994). Hormonal regulation of hormone-sensitive lipase activity and mRNA levels in isolated rat adipocytes. Journal of Lipid Research, 35(9), 1535–1541.
Smets, P. M. Y., Lefebvre, H. P., Kooistra, H. S., Meyer, E., Croubels, S., Maddens, B. E. J., Vandenabeele, S., Saunders, J. H., & Daminet, S. (2012). Hypercortisolism affects glomerular and tubular function in dogs. The Veterinary Journal, 192(3), 532–534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.05.027.
Soares, F. A. C., Lopes, D. J., Pertile, C. M., Caberlon, M., Pöppl, Á. G., & González, F. H. D. (2023). Cardiovascular Indicators and Mitral Valve Disease in Dogs with Spontaneous Hypercortisolism-Prospective Evaluation. Acta Scientiae Veterinariae, 51, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.129305.
Takano, H., Kokubu, A., Sugimoto, K., Sunahara, H., Aoki, T., & Fijii, Y. (2015). Left ventricular structural and functional abnormalities in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, 17, 173–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvc.2015.07.002.
Tsukagoshi, T., Ohno, K., Tsukamoto, A., Fukushima, K., Takahashi, M., Nakashima, K., Fujino, Y., & Tsujimoto, H. (2012). Decreased gallbladder emptying in dogs with biliary sludge or gallbladder mucocele. Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, 53(1), 84–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01868.x.
Verkest, K. R., Fleeman, L. M., Morton, J. M., Ishioka, K., & Rand, J. S. (2011). Compensation for obesity-induced insulin resistance in dogs: assessment of the effects of leptin, adiponectin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 using path analysis. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 41(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.02.001.
Weese, J. S., Blondeau, J., Boothe, D., Guardabassi, L. G., Gumley, N., Papich, M., Jessen, L. R., Lappin, M., Rankin, S., & Westropp, J. L. (2019). International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases (ISCAID) guidelines for the diagnosis and management of bacterial urinary tract infections in dogs and cats. The Veterinary Journal, 247, 8–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.02.008.
Zur, G., & White, S. D. (2011). Hyperadrenocorticism in 10 dogs with skin lesions as the only presenting clinical signs. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 47(6), 419–427.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Andressa Canuto Rosa, Alessandra Melchert, Alessandra Martins Vargas
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Você tem o direito de:
Compartilhar — copiar e redistribuir o material em qualquer suporte ou formato
Adaptar — remixar, transformar, e criar a partir do material para qualquer fim, mesmo que comercial.
O licenciante não pode revogar estes direitos desde que você respeite os termos da licença. De acordo com os termos seguintes:
Atribuição
— Você deve dar o crédito apropriado, prover um link para a licença e indicar se mudanças foram feitas. Você deve fazê-lo em qualquer circunstância razoável, mas de nenhuma maneira que sugira que o licenciante apoia você ou o seu uso. Sem restrições adicionais
— Você não pode aplicar termos jurídicos ou medidas de caráter tecnológico que restrinjam legalmente outros de fazerem algo que a licença permita.
