Cannabidiol for pain control in small animals
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v17n11e1477Keywords:
cannabidiol, Cannabis sativa, phytocannabinoids, Small animalsAbstract
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience, unique to each individual, being influenced by biological and psychological factors. Due to the fact that pain is modulated by the endocannabinoid system, cannabinoids have been shown to be very efficient in its control and, with that, the interest in their use has increased a lot. To approach the therapeutic use of the compound cannabidiol originating from the plant of the Cannabaceae family for the control of pain in dogs and cats. The present work referred to a literature review and critical analysis of works searched electronically through databases such as Pubmed, Scielo, Google Scholar, Usp.delalus.br, in textbooks and dissertations. It is the duty of the Veterinarian to alleviate the suffering of animals, taking away the sensation of pain, guaranteeing their comfort, well-being and quality of life. Pain can be classified according to its neurophysiology (nociceptive pain, non-nociceptive pain and cancer pain) and its duration (acute pain and chronic pain). Cannabidiol is a medication that can be used in different ways to control pain according to the needs of each patient. To understand how cannabis-based medications work, it is necessary to understand the endocannabinoid system and the constituents of cannabis. The SEC works only when needed and is composed of receptors, the endocannabinoids, which are synthesizer and degradative enzymes that, when they interact, trigger a series of chain reactions that can generate inhibitory and excitatory responses. Cannabis is made up of phytocannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids. The phytocannabinoids THC and CBD are the main drivers of the effects of Cannabis and the best known. The wide range of action of these compounds in the body shows how they can act effectively in a patient with pain. Pain is an experience that causes several physical and psychological problems to an individual, thus requiring the introduction of a treatment for its control. Cannabinoids are great when used to control it and can be used individually in the treatment or as a synergist with some medication or therapy, thus being a medication of great importance in Veterinary Medicine.
References
American Veterinary Medical Association. Cannabis in veterinary medicine. [texto na internet]. 2020. [citado 2022 Out 19]. Disponível em: https://www.avma.org/sites/default/files/2021-03/APH-CannabisResources-Report-20201207.pdf
Blasco-Benito, S., Seijo-Vila, M., Caro-Villalobos, M., Tundidor, I., Andradas, C., García-Taboada, E., Wade, J., Smith, S., Guzmán, M., & Pérez-Gómez, E. (2018). Appraising the “entourage effect”: Antitumor action of a pure cannabinoid versus a botanical drug preparation in preclinical models of breast cancer. Biochemical Pharmacology, 157, 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2018.06.025.
Bosier, B., Muccioli, G. G., Hermans, E., & Lambert, D. M. (2010). Functionally selective cannabinoid receptor signalling: therapeutic implications and opportunities. Biochemical Pharmacology, 80(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2010.02.013.
Braga, J. S., Macitelli, F., Lima, V. A., & Diesel, T. (2018). O modelo dos “Cinco Domínios” do bem-estar animal aplicado em sistemas intensivos de produção de bovinos, suínos e aves. Revista Brasileira de Zoociências, 19(2), 204–226. https://doi.org/10.34019/2596-3325.2018.v19.24771.
Cital, S., Kramer, K., Hughston, L., & Gaynor, J. S. (2021). Cannabis therapy in veterinary medicine:A complete guide. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68317-7.
Correia-da-Silva, G., Fonseca, B. M., Soares, A., & Teixeira, N. (2019). Canábis e canabinóides para fins medicinais. Revista Portuguesa de Farmacoterapia, 11(1), 21–31.
Cristino, L., Bisogno, T., & Marzo, V. (2020). Cannabinoids and the expanded endocannabinoid system in neurological disorders. Nature Reviews Neurology, 16(1), 9–29. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-019-0284-z.
Dinis-Oliveira, R. J. (2019). A perspetiva da toxicologia clínica sobre a utilização terapêutica da cannabis e dos canabinoides. Acta Médica Portuguesa, 32(2), 87–90. https://doi.org/10.20344/amp.10896.
ElSohly, M. A., & Slade, D. (2005). Chemical constituents of marijuana: the complex mixture of natural cannabinoids. Life Sciences, 78(5), 539–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.011.
Fantoni, D. (2012). Tratamento da dor na clínica de pequenos animais. Elsevier Brasil.
Fantoni, D. T., & Cortopassi, S. R. G. (2009). Anestesia em cães e gatos. Roca.
Fantoni, D. T., Krumenerl Júnior, J. L., & Galego, M. P. (2000). Utilização de analgésicos em pequenos animais. Clínica Veterinária, 5(28), 23–33.
Fantoni, D. T., & Mastrocinque, S. (2005). Analgesia preventiva. In P. E. Otero (Ed.), Dor: Avaliação e tratamento em pequenos animais (pp. 76–80). Interbook.
Firth, A. M., & Haldane, S. L. (1999). Development of a scale to evaluate postoperative pain in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 214(5), 651–659.
Fraguas-Sánchez, A. I., & Torres-Suárez, A. I. (2018). Medical use of cannabinoids. Drugs, 78(16), 1665–1703. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-018-0996-1.
Gaynor, J. S., & Muir, W. W. (2009). Manual de controle da dor em medicina veterinária (Vol. 1). MedVet.
Guerrero-Alba, R., Barragán-Iglesias, P., González-Hernández, A., Valdez-Moráles, E. E., Granados-Soto, V., Condés-Lara, M., Rodríguez, M. G., & Marichal-Cancino, B. A. (2019). Some prospective alternatives for treating pain: the endocannabinoid system and its putative receptors GPR18 and GPR55. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 9, 1496. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.01496.
Guillot, M., Rialland, P., Nadeau, M., Del Castillo, J. R. E., Gauvin, D., & Troncy, E. (2011). Pain induced by a minor medical procedure (bone marrow aspiration) in dogs: comparison of pain scales in a pilot study. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 25(5), 1050–1056. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.00786.x.
Hammerschimidt, J. (2017). O prontuário médico veterinário: requisitos e importância. In R. A. Tostes, S. T. J. Reis, & V. V Castilho (Eds.), Tratado de Medicina Veterinária Legal. Medvep.
Hazzah, T., Andre, C., Richter, G., McGrath, S., & Collins, F. (2020). Cannabis in veterinary medicine: a critical review. AHVMA Journal, 61, 25.
Lamont, L. A., Tranquilli, W. J., & Grimm, K. A. (2000). Physiology of pain. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 30(4), 703–728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnc.2017.08.001.
Luna, S. P. L. (2008). Dor, senciência e bem-estar em animais. Ciência Veterinária Nos Trópicos, 11(1), 17–21.
Machado, T. D., Santos, L. C. M., Alves, M. A. S., Cacciacarro, B. S., & Mendonça, F. S. (2022). Óleo de canabidiol para controle de dor em cão: Relato de caso. PUBVET, 16(11), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v16n11a1261.1-4.
Mathews, K. A. (2000). Pain assessment and general approach to management. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 30(4), 729–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0195-5616(08)70004-4.
Mathews, K., Kronen, P., Lascelles, D., Nolan, A., Robertson, S., Steagal, P., & Yamashita, K. (2020). Directivas para o reconhecimento, avaliação e tratamento da dor. In WSAVA, Global Veterinary Community.
Moggy, M. A., Pajor, E. A., Thurston, W. E., Parker, S., Greter, A. M., Schwartzkopf-Genswein, K. S., Campbell, J. R., & Windeyer, M. C. (2017). Management practices associated with pain in cattle on western Canadian cow–calf operations: A mixed methods study. Journal of Animal Science, 95(2), 958–969. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas2016.0949.
Mota-Rojas, D., Ghezzi, M. D., Domínguez-Oliva, A., de la Vega, L. T., Boscato-Funes, L., Torres-Bernal, F., & Mora-Medina, P. (2022). Circus Animal Welfare: analysis through a five-domain approach. Journal of Animal Behaviour and Biometeorology, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.31893/jabb.22021.
Pereira, H. C. S. (2020). Análise do conhecimento de brasileiros acerca da cannabis sativa l. (maconha) e seu uso terapêutico na Medicina Veterinária. Universidade Federal da Paraíba.
Pertwee, R. G. (2014). Handbook of cannabis. Oxford University Press, USA.
Prada, I. L. S., Massone, F., Cais, A., Costa, P. E. M., & Seneda, M. M. (2002). Bases metodológicas e neurofuncionais da avaliação de ocorrência de dor/sofrimento em animais. Revista de Educação Continuada Em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Do CRMV-SP, 5(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.36440/recmvz.v5i1.3278.
Repetti, C. S. F., Girio, R. J. S., Friolani, M., & Barbalho, S. M. (2019). Perspectives in veterinary medicine on the use of cannabinoids as complementary palliative therapy for pain in cancer patients. Ciência Rural, 49, e20180595. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20180595.
Ryan, S., Bacon, H., Endenburg, N., Hazel, S., Jouppi, R., Lee, N., Sekel, K., & Takashima, G. (2018). Diretrizes para o bem-estar animal da WSAVA. WSAVA Global Veterinary Community, 20–23.
Santos, G. V. (2021). A utilização da cannabis sativa para analgesia na medicina veterinária: uma revisão sistemática. In Uniceplac.
Silva, A. K., Janovik, N., & Oliveira, R. R. (2020). Canabidiol e seus efeitos terapêuticos. In A. Diehl & C. Pillon (Eds.), Maconha: prevenção, tratamento e políticas públicas (pp. 110–112). Artmed Editora.
Slowinski, K., Tremori, T. M., Massad, M. R. R., Tasaka, A. C., & Rocha, N. S. (2016). Responsabilidade ética e civil do médico-veterinário no ambiente hospitalar. Revista de Educação Continuada Em Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Do CRMV-SP, 14(2), 30–37.
Varandas, B. M. C. (2013). Fisiologia da dor. Universidade Fernandes Pessoa.
Veilleux, A., Marzo, V., & Silvestri, C. (2019). The expanded endocannabinoid system/endocannabinoidome as a potential target for treating diabetes mellitus. Current Diabetes Reports, 19, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1248-9.
Wang, J., & Ueda, N. (2009). Biology of endocannabinoid synthesis system. Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators, 89(3–4), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2008.12.002.
Woolf, C. J. (2004). Pain: moving from symptom control toward mechanism-specific pharmacologic management. Annals of Internal Medicine, 140(6), 441–451. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-140-8-200404200-00010.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Laura Toledo Novellino Sousa, Ana Paula Falci Daibert, Anna Marcella Neves Dias
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Você tem o direito de:
Compartilhar — copiar e redistribuir o material em qualquer suporte ou formato
Adaptar — remixar, transformar, e criar a partir do material para qualquer fim, mesmo que comercial.
O licenciante não pode revogar estes direitos desde que você respeite os termos da licença. De acordo com os termos seguintes:
Atribuição
— Você deve dar o crédito apropriado, prover um link para a licença e indicar se mudanças foram feitas. Você deve fazê-lo em qualquer circunstância razoável, mas de nenhuma maneira que sugira que o licenciante apoia você ou o seu uso. Sem restrições adicionais
— Você não pode aplicar termos jurídicos ou medidas de caráter tecnológico que restrinjam legalmente outros de fazerem algo que a licença permita.
