Leptospirosis in a mixed breed female dog (Canis familiaris)

Case report

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v18n05e1598

Keywords:

bratislava, copenhageni, leptospirose canina, pomona

Abstract

The present study aimed to report a clinical case of leptospirosis diagnosed in a mixed breed dog where treatment was chosen without hospitalization. Leptospirosis is an infectious and contagious zoonotic disease caused by the spirochete of the genus Leptospira spp. All pathogenic lineages belong to a single species, Leptospira interrogans. This microorganism can affect both humans and animals, be they domestic, wild or production. Dogs and cats are susceptible, but felines have greater resistance to leptospirosis. Synanthropic rodents in large urban centers or rural areas constitute a major problem, as they end up transmitting it to domestic and stray animals. Animals become infected and end up eliminating spirochetes into the environment through contaminated urine, since leptospirosis has a predilection for the renal tubules. Transmission can be direct through contaminated urine, venereal secretions, placental transfer, bite wounds or ingestion of contaminated tissues. Leptospira can enter the body through intact oral, nasal or ocular mucous membranes, or through skin that is damaged or macerated by moisture. Indirect transmission occurs through contact with contaminated water, soil and food sources. In Brazil, where many locations lack a garbage collection system and sewage disposal is precarious, the tropical climate favors rain during summer, all increasing the role of rodents as vectors of this zoonosis due to flooding. The canine mentioned in this study did not have their vaccination protocol up to date, lived in a place with the presence of rodents, and was diagnosed positive for L. interrogans serovars Bratislava, Pomona and Copenhageni by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), considered the gold standard. The changes in the blood count were limited to normocytic normochromic anemia and hyperproteinemia. No noteworthy changes were observed in the white blood cell count and, in the biochemical tests, liver and kidney changes consistent with the pathology were evident. The therapeutic protocol chosen was antibiotic therapy and supportive therapy, both carried out at the guardian's home, and the prognosis was favorable. Preventive vaccination measures according to the challenge faced in the environment, rodent control and also public policies regarding basic sanitation are important in preventing in zoonosis.

References

BRASIL. Ministério da Saúde. Guia de Vigilância em Saúde [recurso eletrônico]/Secretaria de Vigilância Em Saúde - 5ªed- Brasília: Ministério da Saúde, 2021.1.126p.: Il.

Adler, B., & Moctezuma, A. P. (2010). Leptospira and leptospirosis. Veterinary Microbiology, 140(3–4), 287–296. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0459-5_24.

Castro, J. R., Salaberry, S. R. S., Cardoso Neto, A. B., Ávila, D. F., Souza, M. A., & Lima-Ribeiro, A. M. C. (2010). Leptospirose canina: Revisão de literatura. PUBVET, 4, Art-917.

Cerqueira, T. A. P. M., Cotta, A. B., Luz, R. M. A., Pessoa, J. M. N., Gitti, C. B., & Oliveira, Á. A. (2023). Leptospirose canina: Uma abordagem clínica e a importância do diagnóstico epidemiológico na cidade de Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. PUBVET, 17(9), e1446.

Chaiblich, J. V., Lima, M. L. S., Oliveira, R. F., Monken, M., & Penna, M. L. F. (2017). Estudo espacial de riscos à leptospirose no município do Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Saúde em Debate, 41, 225–240. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-11042017s219.

Collantes, T. M. A., David, J. M. F., Vergara, E. J. S., Armea, S. R. D., & Flores, M. L. S. (2016). Detection of pathogenic leptospires and analysis of factors and clinical signs associated with canine leptospirosis. Philippine Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, 42(1), 41–89.

Donate, B. R. S., Prado, L. B., Espinoza, L. H. C., Fernandes, M. C., Pedrão, M. B. M., & Santos, E. W. C. O. (2022). Conhecimento da população brasileira quanto à leptospirose, sua profilaxia e transmissão. PUBVET, 16(5), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v16n05a1113.1-8.

Elliott, D. A., & Lefebvre, H. (2009). Textbook of veterinary internal medicine. In P. Pibot, V. Biourge, & D. A. Elliott (Eds.), Encyclopedia of canine clinical nutrition royal canin (pp. 252–282). Royal Canin.

Ellis, W. A. (2015). Animal leptospirosis. Leptospira and Leptospirosis, 387, 99–137. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45059-8_6.

Esteves, S. B., Santos, C. M., Silva, B. C. S., Salgado, F. F., Guilloux, A. G. A., Cortez, A., Lucco, R. C., & Miotto, B. A. (2023). Time for change? A systematic review with meta-analysis of leptospires infecting dogs to assess vaccine compatibility in Brazil. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 105869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105869.

Faine, S. (1999). Leptospira and leptospirosis. CRC Press Inc.

Ferreira, T., Costa, V. C., & Pereira, N. G. (2010). Diretrizes para diagnóstico e tratamento de leptospirose. In Serviço de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias do Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho (pp. 1–10).

Fontes, A. M. M., Rufino, C. A., Assunção, T. M., Silva, E. S. S., Belarmino, D. A., Santos, D. G., Lopes, P. D., & Barbudo Filho, J. (2013). Soroprevalência de leptospirose em cães no município de Andradina/SP. Ciência Agrária e Saúde, 9, 21–25.

Goldstein, R. E. (2010). Canine leptospirosis. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 40(6), 1091–1101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.07.008.

Greene, C. E., & Appel, M. J. (2011). Canine distemper. In C. E. Greene (Ed.). Enfermedades infecciosas: Perros y gatos (pp. 25–41). Editora Interamericana.

Grennan, D. (2019). Leptospirosis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 321(812). https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2019.0697.

Jorge, S., Schuch, R. A., Oliveira, N. R., Cunha, C. E. P., Gomes, C. K., Oliveira, T. L., Rizzi, C., Qadan, A. F., Pacce, V. D., & Recuero, A. L. C. (2017). Human and animal leptospirosis in Southern Brazil: A five-year retrospective study. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, 18, 46–52.

Knöpfler, S., Mayer‐Scholl, A., Luge, E., Klopfleisch, R., Gruber, A. D., Nöckler, K., & Kohn, B. (2017). Evaluation of clinical, laboratory, imaging findings and outcome in 99 dogs with leptospirosis. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 58(10), 582–588.

Kogika, M. M., Hagiwara, M. K., & Mirandola, R. M. S. (1990). Alterações bioquímicas na leptospirose canina. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, 27(2), 177–182. https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.0000-0000.272177-182.

Lee, B. M. T. C., Pazetti, G., Cattin, I. M., Sordi, M. M., Pilon, V. M., Gonçalves, V. F., & Santos, E. W. C. O. (2020). Avaliação do conhecimento da população sobre a doença leptospirose. PUBVET, 14(12), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v14n12a706.1-6.

Martins, G., & Lilenbaum, W. (2013). The panorama of animal leptospirosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, regarding the seroepidemiology of the infection in tropical regions. BMC Veterinary Research, 9(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-9-237.

Nelson, R., & Couto, C. G. (2015). Medicina interna de pequenos animais (3.ed.). Elsevier Brasil.

Oliveira, H. H., Rodrigues, M. A. M., Santos, I. S., & Francischetti, C. N. (2016). Perfil epidemiológico e socioeconômico da ocorrência de casos de leptospirose em munícipios da baixada Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro. Enciclopédia Biosfera, 13(23). https://doi.org/10.18677/enciclopedia_biosfera_2016_133.

Oliveira, S. T. (2010). Leptospirose canina: dados clínicos, laboratoriais e terapêuticos em cães naturalmente infectados. Tese Apresentada Como Requisito Parcial Para Obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Ciências Veterinárias na Área de Morfologia, Cirurgia e Patologia Animal. Faculdade de Veterinária - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.

Oliveira, S. V., Arsky, M. L. N. S., & Caldas, E. P. (2013). Reservatórios animais da leptospirose: Uma revisão bibliográfica. Saúde (Santa Maria), 39(1), 9–20. https://doi.org/10.5902/223658345094.

Santos, T. A., & Costa, A. P. (2021). Análise retrospectiva sobre leptospirose na região metropolitana I do Rio de Janeiro de 2015 a 2019. PUBVET, 15(6), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v15n06a846.1-8.

Schneider, M. C., Jancloes, M., Buss, D. F., Aldighieri, S., Bertherat, E., Najera, P., Galan, D. I., Durski, K., & Espinal, M. A. (2013). Leptospirosis: a silent epidemic disease. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 7229–7234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph10127229.

Schuller, S. (2017). Leptospirosis. In D. Ettinger & E. Feldman (Eds.), Textbook of veterinary internal medicine: Diseases of the dog and the cat (pp. 2335–2343). Elsevier.

Sessions, J. K., & Greene, C. E. (2004). Canine leptospirosis: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, 26(8), 606–624. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0654.x.

Silva, E. R. D. F. S., Melo, W. G. G., Sousa, M. P., Bezerra, D. O., Gonçalves, L. M. F., & Mineiro, A. L. B. B. (2020). Leptospirose canina: revisão de literatura. Revista Científica de Medicina Veterinária, 34, 1–11.

Silvestrini, A. R., Heinemann, M. B., & Castro, A. M. M. G. (2020). Leptospirose no contexto da Saúde Única e diretrizes de vacinação. PUBVET, 14(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v14n2a519.1-8.

Simões, L. S., Sasahara, T. H. C., Favaron, P. O., & Miglino, M. A. (2016). Leptospirose: Revisão. PUBVET, 10, 111–189. https://doi.org/10.22256/pubvet.v10n2.138-146.

Snak, A., & Osaki, S. C. (2019). Uma revisão sobre três importantes agentes causadores de aborto em bovinos: Neospora caninum, Leptospira sp. e Trypanosoma vivax. Revista de Ciência Veterinária e Saúde Pública, 6(1), 160–195.

Ward, M. P. (2002). Clustering of reported cases of leptospirosis among dogs in the United States and Canada. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 56(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(02)00160-5.

Published

2024-05-04

Issue

Section

Medicina veterinária

How to Cite

Leptospirosis in a mixed breed female dog (Canis familiaris): Case report. (2024). Pubvet, 18(05), e1598. https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v18n05e1598

Most read articles by the same author(s)