Combined use of ketamine and dexmedetomidine for general anesthesia in dogs

Review

Authors

  • Bruna Guedes Carvalho Universidade do Grande Rio
  • Marcus Vinícius Alves da Silva Universidade Federal do Amazonas
  • Manoel Luiz Ferreira Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
  • Paulo Cesar Silva Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
  • José Eduardo Ferreira Manso Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v19n07e1802

Keywords:

Veterinary analgesia, veterinary anesthesiology, Ketodex protocol

Abstract

Veterinary anesthesiology has advanced significantly in the use of multimodal techniques aimed at ensuring safe and effective analgesia. In this context, the combination of different pharmacological agents has gained prominence as a strategy to reduce the required doses of general anesthetics, thereby minimizing their depressant effects. Certain continuous infusion combinations are particularly promising as they provide muscle relaxation, analgesia, dose-sparing effects on general anesthetics, minimal cardiorespiratory depression, and neurovegetative protection—such as the ketodex protocol (a combination of ketamine and dexmedetomidine). Based on the pharmacological properties of these drugs, the literature reviewed in this study indicates that their combined use offers effective analgesia, adequate relaxation, and a favorable safety profile when administered as adjuvants to general anesthesia. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of the association of ketamine and dexmedetomidine as adjuncts in general anesthetics.

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Fonte: https://www.istockphoto.com/br

Published

2025-07-31

Issue

Section

Medicina veterinária

How to Cite

1.
Guedes Carvalho B, Silva MVA da, Ferreira ML, Silva PC, Ferreira Manso JE. Combined use of ketamine and dexmedetomidine for general anesthesia in dogs: Review. Pubvet [Internet]. 2025 Jul. 31 [cited 2026 May 19];19(07):e1802. Available from: https://ojs.pubvet.com.br/index.php/revista/article/view/4190